Chou Wen-chung Chou Wen-chung

Chou Wen-chung (Chinese: 周 文 中; pinyin: Zhōu Wénzhōng; born June 29, 1923 in Yantai (Chefoo), Shandong, China, died October 25, 2019) was a Chinese American composer of contemporary classical music. He emigrated in 1946 to the United States and received his music training at the New England Conservatory and Columbia University. Chou is credited by Nicolas Slonimsky to be one of the first Chinese composers who has attempted to translate authentic oriental melo-rhythms into the terms of modern Western music.

Life

Early Years in China

Chou grew up in China and developed an early love for music. ("Sights and Sounds" an essay by Chou on early influences on his music.) Qin music, in particular, has proved fertile for his future exploration. Chou described his early explorations of musical instruments:

While in Qingdao, I first discovered the meaning of music in life when I heard our household help enjoying their free time by playing instruments, singing, and drinking. I also became fascinated with harmonium pedals, which I played with at first as a car accelerator, and then discovered their dynamic effect...However, it was in Wuhan that I discovered the violin when my older brothers and I bought a child-size violin as a toy. My oldest brother, Wen-tsing, immediately began taking lessons and recruited me as his “student”! I played the erhu, studied the violin and taught myself a medley of instruments, such as mandolin, harmonica and musical saw.

During the Second World War, he was persuaded to study civil engineering to help modernize China. After high school, Chou studied Architecture at Saint John's University, Shanghai in China. Chou stated in his biography, “I chose architecture as a compromise between art and science, largely influenced by John Ruskin’s comment on architecture as ‘frozen music.’ ” Within one semester, Chou’s study was interrupted because of the breakout of World War II and Chou had to relocate and continued his study in Guangxi University and Chongqing University. Chou attended Guangxi University during 1942–44 and managed to find time to compose music on his own and to educate himself the western culture through reading library books despite of the nightly air raids and his civil engineering study. Chou had to move again in 1944 and continued his study in Chongqing University where he received his B.S. degree in Architecture.

Turning Point – Music Study and Teaching in the United States

In 1946, he turned down a scholarship in architecture at Yale University in order to pursue music, studying with Nicolas Slonimsky at the New England Conservatory and with Edgard Varèse and Otto Luening in New York.

Chou studied composition with Otto Luening in Columbia University in New York. In 1949–1954, he met Edgard Varèse and took lessons privately with Varèse. Later, Varèse became a lifelong mentor and friend of Chou.

Synthesizing western and eastern sounds have been a pursuit throughout Chou’s life. During Chou’s early compositional years in New York, one experience changed Chou’s perspective on how to incorporate different cultural elements. Peter Chang described this incident in details:

On one occasion, Chou showed his Chinese-flavored fugues to Bohuslav Martinu, who started to read them on the piano and suddenly stopped after a few measures. He looked at Chou and simply uttered one word: “why?” Chou could not answer. Such an embarrassment disturbed him profoundly and made him realize that substituting pentatonic for heptatonic modes in fugue, which had been developed in the heptatonic and triadic tradition, was like putting Chinese words into Bach’s mouth. Fugue was Bach’s natural language, but not his. Chou believed that this was one of the greatest lessons he ever had because, beginning with the word “why,” he had to satisfy his own questions before moving on.

After that experience and through the encouragement from Slonimsky, Chou decided not to seek the artificial combination of Chinese melody and western harmony but instead to study Chinese music and culture seriously. Chou's encounter with Western culture helped him see and appreciate his own culture in new light. To relearn and to interpret his own tradition, in 1955, Chou went back to China for two years to research classical Chinese music and drama. Slonimsky commented on how Chou successfully fused two seemingly incompatible musical materials and wrote: When pentatonic melodies of the Orient are harmonized in this conventional manner, the incompatibility between the melody and the harmonic setting is such that the very essence of Oriental melody is destroyed. Even more difficult is the representation of microtonal intervals peculiar to some countries of the Orient .. Chou Wen-Chung is possibly the first Chinese composer who has attempted to translate authentic oriental melo-rhythms into the terms of modern Western music...He poses the problem of conciliation between melodic pentatonicism and dissonance.

In 1954, he became the first technical assistant at Columbia's Electronic Music Laboratory and was concurrently appointed director of a research Project on Chinese music and drama. This research reinforced his own aesthetic convictions and led him to synthesize theories of calligraphy, qin, single tones and I Ching, all of which represent new ground in his compositional thinking. As chairman of the Music Division at Columbia University, he was instrumental in providing its composition program with a clear sense of artistic vision.^[6]

^[7] Chou also distinguished himself as vice-dean of the School of the Arts and director of the Fritz Reiner Center for Contemporary Music at Columbia University. His notable students include Zhou Long, Chen Yi, Tan Dun, Chinary Ung, Ge Gan-ru, Bright Sheng, James Tenney, Jing Jing Luo, Michael Rosenzweig, Faye-Ellen Silverman, and Jacques-Louis Monod. See: List of music students by teacher: T to Z#Chou Wen-chung.

Career

He is a protégé of the composer Edgard Varèse. Chou has sought in his music not simply to propagate Varèsian concepts, but to move beyond his teacher's shadow. From Varèse's purely Western tradition, Chou's music evolves from cross-cultural pollination, integrating the East and the West, with the requisite understanding of both cultures. He can be regarded as the founder of the contemporary Chinese musical idiom, one whose music sets the standard and an example for succeeding generations to emulate.

Chou's revolutionary insights brought about a broader and more integrated perception of Chinese music by scholars and laymen East and West. He recognizes the intrinsic contribution of qin music and the singletone concept to Chinese music, and more importantly, he recognizes their value to composers. ("The Twain Meet" by Leighton Kerner.) Also important to his music is the refinement of individual pitches. He believes the West has mastered formal structures, whereas the East remains unexcelled in controlling subtle inflections of tones. By emulating Western achievement in formal design, he employs these nuances not as mere decoration, but as a clear structural element. The art of calligraphy, in its various levels of meaning, serves constantly as the music's philosophical underpinning. A controlled spontaneity and quiet intensity derived from an intimate knowledge of his art and his culture, together with a growth process as organic and inevitable as that of nature, remain requisite stylistic elements. Ultimately, he seeks not so much to amalgamate the divergent Eastern and Western traditions as to internalize and transcend contemporary idioms and techniques to create an intimately personal style that reflects a genuine, modern sensibility. ("Chou Wen-chung" by Nicolas Slonimsky)

Chou has written for a variety of media. His works have been performed by the orchestras of Chicago, Philadelphia, New York, San Francisco, Berlin, Paris, and Tokyo. He has received grants from the Rockefeller, Guggenheim and Koussevitsky Foundations, from the National Institute of the Arts and Letters, the National Endowment for the Arts, and the New York State Council on the Arts. He is the Fritz Reiner Professor Emeritus of Musical Composition at Columbia University (where he is also Director of the Center for US-China Arts Exchange), and a member of the American Academy and Institute of Arts and Letters.

He was composer-in-residence at Tanglewood, Bennington and the University of Illinois. His posts in music organizations included the presidency of CRI and the chair of the Editorial Board of Asian Music. He is also an honorary life member of Asian Composers League. Other contemporary music organizations with which he is affiliated include League ISCM, the Yaddo Corporation, the American Composers Alliance, the American Music Center, and the American Society of University Composers.

Composition Styles and Developments

Early Period

Chou’s early works share common characteristics such as the use of Chinese poetry as inspiration and the direct quotation of Chinese melodies. Representative compositions from this period are Landscapes (1949), All in the Spring Wind (1952–1953), And the Fallen Petals (1954), and Willow Are New (1957).

Chou quoted a traditional folk song “Flower and Drum Song of Fengyang (zh)” in Landscapes and this orchestral piece is inspired by poems that evoke the scenery and atmosphere of a Chinese landscape painting. These poems “Under the Cliff, in the Bay,” “The Sorrow of Parting” and “One Streak of Dying Light” are used as subtitles to indicate the moods of different sections in Landscape.

Chinese scholars traditionally inscribe poetry in a painting and many of Chou’s early compositions have inscriptions from ancient Chinese poems. Chinese poetry served as inspiration for And the Fallen Petals, and All in the Spring Wind. Both works are based on a Southern Tang dynasty poem titled “Yi Jiangnan – Reminiscence of Southern Territories” by Li Yu. Peter Chang commented that through these early works, Chou developed a mode of musical thinking in terms of Chinese visual and literary artistic principles such as the emphasis on the control of ink flow in calligraphy, brevity in landscape paintings, poetry in musical form, and pictorial depiction of the qin playing gestures.

Mature Period

In this period, Chou’s inspirational source came from the philosophical book, the I Ching (Book of Changes), the contents of which he said represent “the germinal elements of all that happens in the universe, including natural phenomena, human affairs, and ideas.” Based on the yin and yang concepts presented in I Ching, Chou created variable modes – a system of interval contents and pitch contents that correspond to the trigrams and hexagrams in I Ching. Chou applied and experimented the principles of the I-Ching in harmonic, thematic, textural, and rhythmic structures.

Starting in late 1950s, Chou began to experiment variable modes in his compositions. Jianjun He classified Chou’s works into two categories: “pentatonic-related” or “variable modes-based” composition. Most of Chou’s early works are pentatonic-related and Chou drew his inspirations from traditional Chinese pentatonic melodies. The piece metaphor (1960) marks the beginning of Chou’s middle period when Chou utilized the variable modes as a compositional method to pitch organization. Later, Chou applied the modes to other works such as Cursive (1963), Pien (1966), and Yun (1969). Chou stated that the structure of Pien is based on the concept of balance between the positive and the negative forces as stated in I-Ching.

Ideogram is another evolutionary concept Chou experimented while attempting to synthesis western and eastern elements and render the Chinese sounds through western instruments. Chou is an accomplished calligrapher and after years of practicing the various styles and scripts of Chinese calligraphic writings, Chou began to see the parallels in the art of calligraphy and music. Chou wrote, “The cursive script represents the essence in the art of Chinese calligraphy as its expressiveness depends solely upon the spontaneous but controlled flow of ink which, through he brush – strokes, projects not only fluid lines in interaction but also density, texture and poise.... These qualities, translated into musical terms are often found in the music for wind and string instruments of the east. Chou compares the ink flow to the density of the music and experimented the ideograms of cursive style writing in the piece Cursive in 1963.

Chou's later works moved toward abstraction and he further developed the variable mode to make it more flexible. Some notable compositions are Beijing in the Mist (1986), Echoes from the Gorge (1989), Windswept Peaks (1990), Concerto for Violincello and Orchestra (1990), and Cloud (1996).