Webern: Variations for piano, Op. 27

Introduction

As "modern" as it is in other respects, Webern's Variations for Piano, Op. 27 (1935-36), the composer's only important work for piano solo, is written in the tradition of the recital piece, and even provides the performer ample opportunity for virtuoso display. In just under five minutes, Webern presents a flurry of information, presented with new types of articulation and writing for the piano. There are no crescendo or diminuendo markings -- the dynamic contrasts are all stark juxtapositions of piano and forte passages. It seems Webern is exploring the Baroque-era characteristic of terraced dynamics.

Webern's Variations for Piano, Op. 27 are constructed according to strict 12-tone procedures. The theme is really a collection of short groups of motives. These are altered in accordance with the combinatorial procedures of the 12-tone method, using various permutations of the primary row. It is organized into three movements, the first of which is organized around symmetrical pitch schemes.

Most intriguing is the second movement, in which a strict canon is obscured by Webern's registral and rhythmic changes. This procedure -- using a musical device to create structure then making that structure nearly imperceptible -- is at work in other of Webern's pieces, particularly the Symphony, Op. 21 (1928). One reason the canon is difficult to detect is that the very complex procedure passes by rapidly in this very compressed movement. Webern explores great extremes of register and sudden changes in dynamic and articulation, all happening at lightning speed and related to the primary tone row.

Variations, Op. 27 received its premiere performance on October 26, 1936, in Vienna at a concert sponsored by the Vienna chapter of the International Society for Contemporary Music. A few days later, Webern heard a second performance of the Variations at the Verein für neue Musik (society for New Music). This was the last time Webern heard one of his compositions performed in Vienna.

Parts/Movements

1. Sehr mässig (at a very moderate speed)
2. Sehr schell (very quickly)
3. Ruhig fließend (calm, flowing)