Overview
Introduction
Das Lied von der Erde ("The Song of the Earth") is a composition for two voices and orchestra by the Austrian composer Gustav Mahler between 1908 and 1909. Described as a symphony when published, it comprises six songs for two singers who take turns singing the songs. Mahler specified the two singers should be a tenor and an alto, or else a tenor and a baritone if an alto is not available. Mahler composed this work following the most painful period in his life, and the songs address themes such as those of living, parting and salvation. On the centenary of Mahler's birth, the composer, conductor, and known Mahler conductor Leonard Bernstein described Das Lied von der Erde as Mahler's "Greatest symphony".
Origins
Three personal disasters befell Mahler during the summer of 1907. Political maneuvering and anti-semitism forced him to resign his post as Director of the Vienna Court Opera, his eldest daughter Maria died from scarlet fever and diphtheria, and Mahler himself was diagnosed with a congenital heart defect. "With one stroke," he wrote to his friend Bruno Walter, "I have lost everything I have gained in terms of who I thought I was, and have to learn my first steps again like a newborn".[3]
The following year (1908) saw the publication of Hans Bethge's Die chinesische Flöte, a volume of ancient Chinese poetry rendered into German. Mahler was very taken by the vision of earthly beauty and transience expressed in these verses[4] and chose seven of the poems to set to music as Das Lied von der Erde. Mahler completed the work in 1909.
Text in Das Lied von der Erde
The Universal Edition score of 1911 for Das Lied von der Erde shows Mahler's adapted text as follows.
1. "Das Trinklied vom Jammer der Erde" ("The Drinking Song of Earth's Misery")
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2. "Der Einsame im Herbst" ("The Lonely One in Autumn")
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3. "Von der Jugend" ("Of Youth")
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4. "Von der Schönheit" ("On Beauty")
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5. "Der Trunkene im Frühling" ("The Drunken Man in Spring")
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6. "Der Abschied" ("The Farewell")
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Text in Mahler's sources
Mahler's source for the text was Hans Bethge's Die chinesische Flöte. In writing this volume, Bethge himself used prior translations of the original Chinese poetry. Texts now identified as being likely sources used by Bethge include Hans Heilman's Chinesische Lyrik (1905), Marquis d'Hervey de Saint Denys' Poésies de l'époque des Thang, and Judith Gautier's Livre de Jade.
Four of the songs -- Das Trinklied vom Jammer der Erde, Von der Jugend, Von der Schönheit and Der Trunkene im Frühling, were derived from poems written by Li Bai, the wandering poet of the Tang dynasty. Der Einsame im Herbst is based on a poem by Qian Qi, another poet of the Tang Dynasty. Der Abschied combines poems by Tang Dynasty poets Meng Haoran and Wang Wei, with several additional lines by Mahler himself. These attributions have historically been a matter of some uncertainty, and around the turn of the Twenty-First Century, Chinese scholars extensively debated the sources of the songs following a performance of the work in China in 1998.
Instrumentation
Mahler had already included movements for voice and orchestra in his Second, Third, Fourth and Eighth Symphonies. However, Das Lied von der Erde is the first work giving a complete integration of song cycle and symphony. The form was afterwards imitated by other composers, notably by Shostakovich and Zemlinsky. This new form has been termed a "song-symphony", a hybrid of the two forms that had occupied most of Mahler's creative life.
Das Lied von der Erde is scored for a large orchestra: 3 flutes (3rd flute doubling on 2nd piccolo), piccolo, 3 oboes (3rd oboe doubling on English horn), clarinet in E-flat, 3 clarinets in B-flat, Bass clarinet in B-flat & A, 3 bassoons (3rd bassoon doubling on contrabassoon), Brass, 4 horns in F, 3 trumpets in F & B-flat, 3 trombones, tuba, timpani (used only in "Von der Schöneit"), snare drum, bass drum, cymbals, triangle, tambourine (used only in "Von der Schönheit"), tam-tam (used only in "Der Abschied"), glockenspiel, Keyboards, celesta (used only in "Der Abschied"), 2 harps, mandolin, 1st and 2nd violins, violas, cellos, double basses (with low C string). Mahler deploys these resources with great restraint: only in the first, fourth and sixth songs does the entire orchestra play at once, and in some places the texture almost resembles chamber music, with only a few instruments playing.
Mahler's habit was to subject the orchestration of every new orchestral work to detailed revision over several years; though the musical material itself was hardly ever changed, the complex instrumental 'clothing' would be altered and refined in the light of experience gained in performance. In the case of Das Lied von der Erde, however, this process could not occur as the work's publication and first performance occurred posthumously.
The score calls for tenor and alto soloists. However, Mahler includes the note that "if necessary, the alto part may be sung by a baritone". For the first few decades after the work's premiere, this option was little used. On one occasion Bruno Walter tried it out, and engaged Friedrich Weidemann, the baritone who had premiered Kindertotenlieder under Mahler's own baton in 1905. However, Walter felt that tenor and baritone did not work as well as tenor and alto, and he never repeated the experiment.
Following the pioneering recordings of the work by baritone Dietrich Fischer-Dieskau under conductors Paul Kletzki and Leonard Bernstein, the use of baritones in this work has increased.
Arnold Schoenberg began to arrange Das Lied von der Erde for chamber orchestra, reducing the orchestral forces to string and wind quintets, and calling for piano, celesta and harmonium to supplement the harmonic texture. Three percussionists are also employed. Schoenberg never finished this project, and the arrangement was completed by Rainer Riehn in 1980.
In 2004, the Octavian Society commissioned Glen Cortese to create two reductions of the work, one for a chamber ensemble of twenty instruments and one for a small orchestra with woodwinds and brass in pairs. Both these reductions are published in critical edition by Universal in Vienna.
Mahler also arranged the work for piano accompaniment, and this has been recorded by Cyprien Katsaris with Thomas Moser and Brigitte Fassbaender. Katsaris has also performed this version in concert.
Premieres
The first public performance was given, posthumously, on 20 November 1911 in the Tonhalle in Munich, sung by Sara Cahier and William Miller (both Americans) with Bruno Walter conducting. Mahler had died six months earlier, on 18 May.
One of the earliest performances in London (possibly the first) occurred in January 1913 at the Queen's Hall under conductor Henry Wood, where it was sung by Gervase Elwes and Doris Woodall. Wood reportedly thought that the work was 'excessively modern but very beautiful'.
Commentary
According to the musicologist Theodor W. Adorno, Mahler found in Chinese poetry what he had formerly sought after in the genre of German folk song: a mask or costume for the sense of rootlessness or "otherness" attending his identity as a Jew. This theme, and its influence upon Mahler's tonality, has been further explored by John Sheinbaum. It has also been asserted that Mahler found in these poems an echo of his own increasing awareness of mortality.
Curse of the Ninth
Mahler was aware of the so-called "curse of the ninth", a superstition arising from the fact that no major composer since Beethoven had successfully completed more than nine symphonies: he had already written eight symphonies before composing Das Lied von der Erde. Fearing his subsequent demise, he decided to subtitle the work A Symphony for Tenor, Alto and Large Orchestra (Eine Symphonie für eine Tenor- und eine Alt- (oder Bariton-) Stimme und Orchester), rather than numbering it as a symphony. His next symphony, written for purely instrumental forces, was numbered his Ninth. That was indeed the last symphony he fully completed, because only the first movement of the Tenth had been fully orchestrated at the time of his death.
Lyrics
《大地之歌》原诗及中文翻译
◆第一首:
原诗:《悲歌行》 李白
悲来乎 悲来乎
主人有酒且莫斟 听我一曲悲来吟
悲来不吟还不笑 天下无人知我心
君有数斗酒 我有三尺琴
琴鸣酒乐两相得 一杯不啻千钧金
悲来乎 悲来乎
天虽长 地虽久
金玉满堂应不守 富贵百年能几何 死生一度人皆有
孤猿坐啼坟上月 且须一尽悲中酒
◇* Das Trinklied vom Jammer der Erde *
中译:《大地悲愁饮酒歌》
酒已烁漾在金樽之中
在举杯饮酒之前 且容我为您高歌一曲!
这首忡悒之歌 当听似发自您灵魂的笑声
当忡悒逐渐靠近 这灵魂的荒颓花园
欢愉与歌声逐渐褪去 熄灭
生命的余烬是黑暗 黑暗的余烬是死亡
这间屋子的主人呀!
你的酒窖里溢漾著金色琼浆
我的怀中斜倚著琵琶
轻扬琵琶弦 尽饮杯中酎
你我共此今朝之胜
且乐生前一杯酒 何须身后千载名!
生命的余烬是黑暗 黑暗的余烬是死亡!
天空靛蓝依旧 大地存续如昔 且恒于春天绽放千华
然而你,一具血肉之躯
在这宽天浩地之中 能拥有多少年华
在这繁琐红尘中 你与欢愉的交集 岂逾有百年之久
白日何短短 百年苦易满
苍穹浩茫茫 万劫太极长!
放眼望去! 在月夜墓地之中
那蜷曲著粗狂鬼魅般的形骸
是你我共古人 千年以降百年以外不变的终点
听其哀嚎 正悲诉悼不回生命的馥郁芬芳!
举殇今际勿迟疑!吾友 错此良辰 更待何时
人生得意需尽欢 莫使金樽空对月
古来圣贤皆寂寞 唯有饮者留其名!
且酌乾你我手中觚
生命的余烬是黑暗 黑暗的余烬是死亡
第二首:
◆原诗:《效古秋夜长》 钱起
秋汉飞玉霜 北风扫荷香
含情纺织孤灯尽 拭泪相思寒漏长
檐前碧云静如水 月吊栖乌啼鸟起
谁家少妇事鸳机 锦幕云屏深掩扉
白玉窗中闻落叶 应怜寒女独无衣
◇* Der Einsame im Herbst *
中译:《秋日孤客》
秋天 迷失在湖面蓝雾弥蒙中
草地上覆盖著一层霜白
远远望去 有如画家的彩绘
将翠绿的泥 点缀在娇艳的白花之间
然而花芳早已不复
飒起无情秋风 凛烈遍折娇柔
还可预见的
是水载片片 湖心荷花的凋零
心已疲惫 微灯在一阵闪烁后 溶化在暗风中
临别的轻喟 催促著我入眠
吾将投向我钟爱之地 至我心灵宁静的一隅
且让我拾得慰藉 且让我获得憩息
久矣!久矣!
孤泪冻我颊 秋寂藏我心
耀眼的金黄 何时方能一扫我心中的阴霾
温柔地蒸融我冰冷的孤寂泪
第三首:
原诗题为李白所作,但并未找到。
◇* Von der Jugend *
中译:《青春》
白瓷青亭伫在小池塘上
翠色拱桥如虎背 弓踞在亭岸之间
亭阁中有一群好友相聚
鲜著玉戴 肆酒喧哗 笔颂抑扬
他们的罗袖高挽
丝冠挣脱了礼缚 盘上他们的颈领
池面宁澈如镜
清晰灼映著池畔亭间的一景一物
白瓷青亭中的欢腾喧嚣
也倒映在这水镜之中
翠色拱桥的倒影如一弯明月
依偎在涟漪之间
池面上的倒影亭阁里
亦是一群相聚的好友
鲜著玉戴 肆酒喧哗
(朋友啊!须知你我今朝的欢乐
就如同这池面上的浮光掠影
当日暮西沉
一切终将消逝在黑暗之中)
第四首:
◆原诗:《采莲曲》 李白
若耶溪傍采莲女 笑隔荷花共人语
日照新妆水底月 风飘香袖空中举
岸上谁家游冶郎 三三五五映垂杨
紫骝嘶入落花去 见此踟蹰空断肠
◇* Von der Sch heit *
中译:《佳人》
二八佳人在溪岸采拾著莲花
她们群歇在灌木丛与落叶之间
将莲花置于裙摆上 彼此有说有笑
金色的阳光在澄澈的溪水上写下她们的身影
写下她们的纤手
写下她们的巧盼
和风轻抚她们的绣袖
并将女孩们特有的香气挥洒在空气中
呀!看啊!那群纵驹溪畔的俊美少年
正自远方驰来
有如阳光般的耀眼
他们正策马穿过岸上的垂杨
晴空下马儿愉快地嘶鸣
几经踌躇
然后纵蹄飞驰过茵绿与千华
有如一阵狂风
马儿们蹂躏过遍地落花而去
那舞荡的鬃毛多么狂野
那鼻息深切而炽热
金色的阳光在澄澈的溪水上写下他们的身影
在女孩的心窝底写下悄悄的悸动
女孩的目光追随著马儿而去
小小的矜持 再掩不过闪烁的双眸
凝眸深处 悸动的心灵
正呐喊回应著远走的马蹄声
第五首:
◆原诗:《春日醉起言志》 李白
处世若大梦 胡为劳其生
所以终日醉 颓然卧前楹
觉来眄庭前 一鸟花间鸣
借问此何时 春风语流莺
感之欲叹息 对酒还自倾
浩歌待明月 曲尽已忘情
◇* Der Trunkene im Fr ling *
中译:《春日醉客》
如果人生不过是一场梦
那么为何还要那么劳苦?
在这漫长而快乐的一整天之中
我喝著酒直到自己不能再喝为止
直到自己不能再喝为止
直到我的身体与心灵都感到满足以后
我步履蹒跚地曳向前楹
倚著门槛闲适地睡著
当我醒来时我听到了什么?
听呀!是树上的鸟儿啁啾
我向鸟儿借问
春天是否已然降临
为何这一切总看似一场梦
鸟儿鸣唱著
是啊!是啊!
昨夜的风柔
已带来春天的气息
我倾耳听著鸟儿唱著 笑著
我重新注满我的酒杯
然后一口气将其倾尽
放声唱歌直到明月高悬在黑幕之中
而当我不能再唱以后
我又沈沈地睡去
自梦中的我回到我的梦中
即使是春天降临
我又能够做什么呢?
还是继续地喝我的酒
做我的醉客吧!
第六首:
◆原诗:《宿业师山房待丁大不至》 孟浩然
夕阳度西岭 群壑倏已暝
松月生夜凉 风泉满清听
樵人归欲尽 烟鸟栖初定
之子期宿来 孤琴候萝径
◆《送别》 王维
下马饮君酒 问君何所之
君言不得意 归卧南山陲
但去莫复问 白云无尽时
◇* Der Abschied *
中译:《送别》
夕阳沈没于山岭之外
夜幕低垂在群壑间
夜凉如水 微风轻送
月儿有如一弯银色的小舟
悠游于深蓝的星海之中
小溪的潺潺声点缀著夜的幽静
昏暗中花儿摇曳著淡淡月光
大地在万物的睡眠与歇息之中深沈地呼吸著
所有的热盼与期待现在都已走回梦中
疲惫的人们回到温暖的小窝
在睡眠中重新拾起遗忘的快乐与年轻
鸟儿也安静地栖息在枝头
这世界已沈沈睡去
夜晚的凉风徘徊在松树间
我驻足在松树下等待著一位朋友
等待著向他做最后的告别
吾友呀!我期盼著与你共享这份月色
然而你身在何方?
孤寂的滋味 你已让我久尝
我在披拂著萝藤的小路上拨弄著琴弦
这美丽的世界呀!且让我永远沈醉在爱与生命之中
——————————————————————
他邀他下马饮一杯告别酒
并问他要往哪里去
为什么下了这样的决定
他说道 用他模糊的语调
我的朋友啊!
命运无情的对待我
使我欲归隐深山之中
为我疲惫孤寂的心寻找一个栖息的地方
我将回到我的故乡
我不愿再继续漂泊
然而我的心虽已冰冷
却未有一刻停止悸动
我知道这片可爱的大地
永远会在春天吐露绿芽 再现芳华
我知道这块大地上的每一个角落
永远会在太阳自地平线升起时
拥抱无限的光芒 与蔚蓝的天空!
直到永远 永远……
Based on: Li Bai
Duration: 1:04:31 ( Average )
Genre :Symphony / Song Cycle