Overview
Introduction
The Symphony No. 4 in G major by Gustav Mahler was written in 1899 and 1900, though it incorporates a song originally written in 1892. The song, "Das himmlische Leben", presents a child's vision of Heaven. It is sung by a soprano in the work's fourth and last movement. Although typically described as being in the key of G major, the symphony employs a progressive tonal scheme ('(b)/G--E').
Composition
Mahler's first four symphonies are often referred to as the "Wunderhorn" symphonies because many of their themes originate in earlier songs by Mahler on texts from Des Knaben Wunderhorn (The Youth's Magic Horn). The fourth symphony is built around a single song, "Das himmlische Leben". It is prefigured in various ways in the first three movements and sung in its entirety by a solo soprano in the fourth movement.
Mahler composed "Das himmlische Leben" as a free-standing piece in 1892. The title is Mahler's own: in the Wunderhorn collection the poem is called "Der Himmel hängt voll Geigen" (an idiomatic expression akin to "there's not a cloud in the sky"). Several years later Mahler considered using the song in the fifth and seventh movement, the finale, of his Third symphony. While motifs from "Das himmlische Leben" are found in the Third symphony, Mahler eventually decided not to include it in that work and, instead, made the song the goal and source of his Fourth Symphony. The Fourth Symphony thus presents a thematic fulfilment of the musical world of the Third, which is part of the larger tetralogy of the first four symphonies, as Mahler described them to Natalie Bauer-Lechner. Early plans in which the Symphony was projected as a six-movement work included another Wunderhorn song, "Das irdische Leben" ("Earthly Life") as a somber pendant to "Das himmlische Leben," offering a tableau of childhood starvation in juxtaposition to heavenly abundance, but Mahler later decided on a simpler structure for the score.
Structure
A typical performance of the Fourth lasts about an hour, making it one of Mahler's shorter symphonies. The performing forces are also small by Mahler's usual standard. These features have made it the most frequently performed Mahler symphony, though in recent years the First has gained ground.
The movements of the symphony:
- Bedächtig, nicht eilen (Moderately, not rushed) (Sonata Form)
- In gemächlicher Bewegung, ohne Hast (Leisurely moving, without haste) (Scherzo & Trio)
- Ruhevoll, (Peacefully, somewhat slowly) (Theme & Variations)poco adagio
- Sehr behaglich (Very comfortably) (Strophic)
Instrumentation
The symphony is scored for a fairly small orchestra by Mahler's standards, without trombones or tuba. It is scored for the following orchestral forces:
- woodwinds: 4 flutes (flutes 3 and 4 doubling piccolos), 3 oboes (oboe 3 doubles cor anglais), 3 clarinets in A, B♭, C (clarinet 2 doubles clarinet in E♭ and clarinet 3 doubles bass clarinet), 3 bassoons (bassoon 3 doubles contrabassoon)
- brass: 4 horns in F, 3 trumpets in F and B♭
- percussion: timpani, bass drum, cymbals, sleigh bells, triangle, tam-tam, glockenspiel
- voices: soprano soloist (in fourth movement only)
- strings: harp, violins I, II, violas, cellos, double basses
Fourth movement text
Wir genießen die himmlischen Freuden, |
We enjoy heavenly pleasures |
Premieres
- World premiere: 25 November 1901, Munich, Margarete Michalek (soprano) with the Kaim Orchestra conducted by the composer.
- Dutch premiere: 23 October 1904, Amsterdam, with the composer conducting the Concertgebouw Orchestra in a concert that actually contained two performances of the work (In her memoirs, Alma Mahler incorrectly claims that the second performance was conducted by Willem Mengelberg).
- American premiere: 6 November 1904, New York City, Etta de Montjau (soprano) with the New York Symphony Society conducted by Walter Damrosch.
- British premiere: 25 October 1905, London, in a Proms concert conducted by Henry Wood. Wood's then wife, Olga Michailoff, sang the soprano part.
- Recording premiere: May 1930, Eiko Kitazawa (soprano) with the New Symphony Orchestra of Tokyo conducted by Hidemaro Konoye, Japanese Parlophone. This was also the first electrical recording of any Mahler symphony.
- Boy soprano premiere: 1983, Jamie Westman performed and recorded the 4th symphony with Benjamin Zander and the Boston Philharmonic Orchestra. Westman performed the symphony extensively throughout Europe in 1984. Gustav Mahler's granddaughter Marina Fistoulari-Mahler attended one of his performances at the Musikverein in Vienna.
Lyrics
歌词:
Das himmlische Leben
(aus Des Knaben Wunderhorn)
Wir genießen die himmlischen Freuden,
D'rum tun wir das Irdische meiden.
Kein weltlich' Getümmel
Hört man nicht im Himmel!
Lebt alles in sanftester Ruh'.
Wir führen ein englisches Leben,
Sind dennoch ganz lustig daneben;
Wir tanzen und springen,
Wir hüpfen und singen,
Sanct Peter im Himmel sieht zu.
Johannes das Lämmlein auslasset,
Der Metzger Herodes d'rauf passet.
Wir führen ein geduldig's,
Unschuldig's, geduldig's,
Ein liebliches Lämmlein zu Tod.
Sanct Lucas den Ochsen tät schlachten
Ohn' einig's Bedenken und Achten.
Der Wein kost' kein Heller
Im himmlischen Keller;
Die Englein, die backen das Brot.
Gut' Kräuter von allerhand Arten,
Die wachsen im himmlischen Garten,
Gut' Spargel, Fisolen
Und was wir nur wollen.
Ganze Schüsseln voll sind uns bereit!
Gut' Äpfel, gut' Birn' und gut' Trauben;
Die Gärtner, die alles erlauben.
Willst Rehbock, willst Hasen,
Auf offener Straßen
Sie laufen herbei!
Sollt' ein Fasttag etwa kommen,
Alle Fische gleich mit Freuden angeschwommen!
Dort läuft schon Sanct Peter
Mit Netz und mit Köder
Zum himmlischen Weiher hinein.
Sanct Martha die Köchin muß sein.
Kein' Musik ist ja nicht auf Erden,
Die unsrer verglichen kann werden.
Elftausend Jungfrauen
Zu tanzen sich trauen.
Sanct Ursula selbst dazu lacht.
Kein' Musik ist ja nicht auf Erden,
Die unsrer verglichen kann werden.
Cäcilia mit ihren Verwandten
Sind treffliche Hofmusikanten!
Die englischen Stimmen
Ermuntern die Sinnen,
Daß alles für Freuden erwacht.
天国的生活
(选自《少年魔号》)
我们享受着天国的喜乐,
与人间大不相同;
世间的喧嚣和吵闹,
在天国中杳无踪影。
人人都和睦安宁,
生活如天使一般,
度过欢乐的时光。
我们舞蹈、跑动,
我们又跳又唱。
有圣保罗照顾我们。
约翰把小羊放出来,
屠夫希律眈眈等候。
我们把一只温柔
驯服而善良的
小羊羔处以死刑。
圣路加宰了牛,
一点也不必担忧。
在天国的酒窖里,
美酒不用付价钱。
天使们则烘烤面包。
每一种美味的蔬菜,
都在天国的菜园中生长,
有上好的莴苣和豆子,
所有我们想要的东西。
满满的盘子都献给我们!
优质的苹果、梨和葡萄,
园丁让我们随心所欲。
如果你想要獐和野兔,
他们立刻跑到街上,
带上许多赶回来。
如果是斋戒的日子,
鱼儿又开始高兴地游动。
看那圣彼得带着
他的渔网和鱼饵,
跑到天国的池塘边。
圣玛莎一定要掌厨。
世间的一切音乐,
都不能与我们的相比,
当那一万三千个少女
开始翩翩起舞时,
圣乌苏拉也露出笑颜。
世间的一切音乐,
都不能与我们的相比。
西西莉娅和她的亲友们
都是绝佳的乐手。
天使的美妙歌声,
使我们感到满足,
让我们醒来就欢乐。