Overview
Introduction
Mo Li Hua (Chinese: 茉莉花; pinyin: Mòlìhuā or Mòlihuā; literally: "Jasmine Flower"[a]) is a popular Chinese folk song. The song dates back to the 18th century. In time, many regional variations were created, and the song gained popularity both in China and abroad.
It has been used during events such as 2004 Summer Olympics, 2008 Summer Olympics and 2010 Shanghai Expo opening ceremony, and controversially during the 2011 Chinese protests.
History and popularity
It was created during the Qianlong era (1735–1796) of the Qing dynasty. There are several regional versions of the song,:84– the more well-known one from Jiangsu Province, and the other from Zhejiang Province. They have different lyrics and melody.:46– One version of the song describes a custom of giving jasmine flowers, popular in the southern Yangtze delta region of China. Another, longer version describes the fear of plucking the flower.:46–:81–82 It has been played on ancient metal bells (bianzhong) and modern jade chimes. It uses the five note (pentatonic) scale developed in China and popular through Asia.:47– The tune is one of xiaodiao ("short tunes"), popular in Chinese urban areas. In 1804 a British diplomat, John Barrow, noted that the tune seems to be one of the most popular songs in China.:84–
The song became one of the first Chinese folk songs to become widely known outside China.:81–82 In 1896 the song was used as temporary national anthem by the Qing Chinese officials in Europe. The melody has become well known among Western listeners as it was used by Giacomo Puccini in his opera Turandot (1926), where it is associated with 'Turandot's splendor'. It appeared in a 1934 Hollywood movie The Good Earth (based on a novel by Pearl Buck).:51– It has been adapted by many artists around the world, for example by Kenny G.:84– Anton Arensky included an arrangement of the song in his Etude from his Op.25.[citation needed] In 1982 the song found a place on a UNESCO list of recommended songs.:84– When China regained sovereignty of Macau and Hong Kong, in 1999 and 1997, respectively, this music was played in the ceremonies. The song was said to be a favorite of China’s former leader, Jiang Zemin (it was at his request that the song was played during the transfer ceremony in Hong Kong). The tune was played during Central Committee of the Communist Party of China meetings.
This song[which?] was sung partially unaccompanied by a young Chinese girl, and partially accompanied by the music by Peking University students (whose version has been described as infused with a techno beat) and broadcast to the world at the closing ceremonies of the 2004 Summer Olympics in Athens, Greece, to introduce the next Olympic Games site. An adaptation of the melody by Tan Dun and Wang Hesheng, chosen from more than 4,000 pieces, was played during the medal ceremonies at the Beijing 2008 Olympic Games. It[which?] was also performed at the 2010 Shanghai Expo opening ceremony by an orchestra with the pianist Lang Lang.
Zhao Dongming, head of Beijing Organizing Committee for the Olympic Games's culture and ceremonies department, commented that "This piece of music reminds you of the gold medals for the Beijing Olympics, which are made of gold and jade". This piece of Tan Dun, an Academy Award winning Chinese contemporary classical composer, cited by China Daily in 2008, described it as "glorious, heartwarming and full of respect... an iconic piece... almost a cultural symbol of China" and "From Puccini to the Beijing Olympics, this melody is a gift from the Chinese people to the world's athletes". In 2009 Russian singer Vitas, during the Chinese premiere of his program Sleepless Night, at least has also performed Mo Li Hua (never included in digital download until then).
During the 2011 Chinese pro-democracy protests the song became associated with the Jasmine Revolution, as organisers instructed protesters to play Mo Li Hua on their cell phones as a form of antigovernment protest. The song was placed on authorities' list of online censored materials. Videos of the song, including at least one from an official event (a 2006 Kenyan students welcome for Chinese president Hu Jintao), were removed from Chinese websites, and searches for the song's name were blocked. The censorship attracted widespread attention and was difficult because of the popularity of the song and its association with Chinese culture and history. At least one new version of the song, mentioning fear of arrests, has been developed by the activists as a response.
Lyrics
传统的江苏民歌歌词为：
- 好一朵茉莉花，
- 好一朵茉莉花，
- 满园花开香也香不过她，
- 我有心采一朵戴，
- 又怕看花的人儿骂。
- 好一朵茉莉花，
- 好一朵茉莉花，
- 茉莉花开雪也白不过她，
- 我有心采一朵戴，
- 又怕旁人笑话。
- 好一朵茉莉花，
- 好一朵茉莉花，
- 满园花开比也比不过她，
- 我有心采一朵戴，
- 又怕来年不发芽。
近些年流传甚广的歌词为：
- 好一朵美丽的茉莉花
- 好一朵美丽的茉莉花
- 芬芳美丽满枝桠
- 又香又白人人夸
- 让我来将你摘下
- 送给别人家
- 茉莉花呀茉莉花
明清的版本 ：
- 好一朵茉莉花，
- 好一朵茉莉花，
- 满园花草也香不过它，
- 奴有心采一朵戴，
- 又怕来年不发芽；
- 好一朵金银花，
- 好一朵金银花，
- 金银花开好比钩儿芽，
- 奴有心采一朵戴，
- 看花的人儿要将奴骂；
- 好一朵玫瑰花，
- 好一朵玫瑰花，
- 玫瑰花开碗呀碗口大，
- 奴有心采一朵戴，
- 又怕刺儿把手扎
