提要 Overview

海顿在音乐史上占有重要地位，首先因为他是一位交响曲作曲家。他并非交响曲体裁的首创者，早在巴赫和亨德尔的时代，就已有人为这个领域作了准备，开拓了道路。海顿奠定了近代交响乐队的基础，确立了乐队的双管编制和近代配器法原则。

海顿在音乐史上占有重要地位，首先因为他是一位交响曲作曲家。他并非交响曲体裁的首创者，早在巴赫和亨德尔的时代，就已有人为这个领域作了准备，开拓了道路。但海顿继承了先辈的成就，确立了交响曲的规范，所以有人称他为“交响曲之父”。 海顿一生创作了不下于104首交响曲(有人估计达150首之多)。

海顿的交响乐 The symphonies

  • Hob.1.1 D大调第一交响曲 Symphony No. 1 in D major (composed by 1759)
  • Hob.1.2 Symphony No. 2 in C major (between 1757 and 1761)
  • Hob.1.3 Symphony No. 3 in G major (between 1760 and 1762)
  • Hob.1.4 Symphony No. 4 in D major (between 1757 and 1761)
  • Hob.1.5 Symphony No. 5 in A major (between 1760 and 1762)
  • Hob.1.6 D大调第六交响曲(早晨) Symphony No. 6 in D major, Le matin (1761)
  • Hob.1.7 C大调第七交响曲(中午) Symphony No. 7 in C major, Le midi (1761)
  • Hob.1.8 G大调第八交响曲(夜) Symphony No. 8 in G major, Le soir (1761)
  • Hob.1.9 Symphony No. 9 in C major (1762)
  • Hob.1.10 Symphony No. 10 in D major (between 1757 and 1761)
  • Hob.1.11 Symphony No. 11 in E-flat major (between1760 and 1762)
  • Hob.1.12 Symphony No. 12 in E major (1763)
  • Hob.1.13 Symphony No. 13 in D major (1763)
  • Hob.1.14 Symphony No. 14 in A major (between1761 and 1763)
  • Hob.1.15 Symphony No. 15 in D major (between1760 and 1763)
  • Hob.1.16 Symphony No. 16 in B-flat major (between 1757 and 1761)
  • Hob.1.17 Symphony No. 17 in F major (between 1757 and 1763)
  • Hob.1.18 Symphony No. 18 in G major (between 1757 and 1764)
  • Hob.1.19 Symphony No. 19 in D major (between 1757 and 1761)
  • Hob.1.20 Symphony No. 20 in C major (by 1762)
  • Hob.1.21 Symphony No. 21 in A major (1764)
  • Hob.1.22 降E大调第二十二交响曲(哲学家) Symphony No. 22 in E-flat major, Philosopher (1764)
  • Hob.1.23 Symphony No. 23 in G major (1764)
  • Hob.1.24 Symphony No. 24 in D major (1764)
  • Hob.1.25 Symphony No. 25 in C major (between 1761 and, most likely, in 1763)
  • Hob.1.26 d小调第二十六交响曲(哀伤) Symphony No. 26 in D minor, Lamentatione (1768, maybe 1769)
  • Hob.1.27 Symphony No. 27 in G major (probably before 1760)
  • Hob.1.28 Symphony No. 28 in A major (1765)
  • Hob.1.29 Symphony No. 29 in E major (1765)
  • Hob.1.30 Symphony No. 30 in C major, Alleluia (1765)
  • Hob.1.31 D大调第三十一交响曲(号角) Symphony No. 31 in D major, Hornsignal (1765)
  • Hob.1.32 Symphony No. 32 in C major (between 1757 and 1763, probably 1760/1761)
  • Hob.1.33 Symphony No. 33 in C major (1760/1761, or 1763-65)
  • Hob.1.34 Symphony No. 34 in D minor (1765)
  • Hob.1.35 Symphony No. 35 in B-flat major (1767)
  • Hob.1.36 Symphony No. 36 in E-flat major (first half of 1760s)
  • Hob.1.37 Symphony No. 37 in C major (by 1758)
  • Hob.1.38 Symphony No. 38 in C major, Echo (between 1765 and 1769, perhaps 1768)
  • Hob.1.39 Symphony No. 39 in G minor (1767/1768)
  • Hob.1.40 Symphony No. 40 in F major (by 1763)
  • Hob.1.41 Symphony No. 41 in C major (by 1769)
  • Hob.1.42 Symphony No. 42 in D major (by 1771)
  • Hob.1.43 Symphony No. 43 in E-flat major, Mercury (by 1771)
  • Hob.1.44 c小调第四十四交响曲(悲伤) Symphony No. 44 in E minor, Trauer (1772)
  • Hob.1.45 升f小调第四十五交响曲(告别) Symphony No. 45 in F-sharp minor, Farewell (1772)
  • Hob.1.46 Symphony No. 46 in B major (1772)
  • Hob.1.47 Symphony No. 47 in G major, The Palindrome (1772)
  • Hob.1.48 C大调第四十八交响曲(玛丽亚·泰丽莎) Symphony No. 48 in C major, Maria Theresia (1768/1769)
  • Hob.1.49 f小调第四十九交响曲(受难) Symphony No. 49 in F minor, La passione (1768)
  • Hob.1.50 Symphony No. 50 in C major (1773 and 1774)
  • Hob.1.51 Symphony No. 51 in B-flat major (1773/1774)
  • Hob.1.52 Symphony No. 52 in C minor (1771/1772)
  • Hob.1.53 Symphony No. 53 in D major, L'impériale (1778)/(1779)
  • Hob.1.54 Symphony No. 54 in G major (1774)
  • Hob.1.55 Symphony No. 55 in E-flat major, The Schoolmaster (by 1774)
  • Hob.1.56 Symphony No. 56 in C major (by 1774)
  • Hob.1.57 Symphony No. 57 in D major (1774)
  • Hob.1.58 Symphony No. 58 in F major (1774)
  • Hob.1.59 Symphony No. 59 in A major, Feuer (by 1769)
  • Hob.1.60 C大调第六十交响曲(神思恍惚的人) Symphony No. 60 in C major, Il distratto (by 1775, probably 1774)
  • Hob.1.61 Symphony No. 61 in D major (1776)
  • Hob.1.62 Symphony No. 62 in D major (1780/1781)
  • Hob.1.63 Symphony No. 63 in C major, La Roxelane (between 1779 and 1781)
  • Hob.1.64 Symphony No. 64 in A major, Tempora mutantur (between 1773 and 1775)
  • Hob.1.65 Symphony No. 65 in A major (by 1778)
  • Hob.1.66 Symphony No. 66 in B-flat major (1775-1776?)
  • Hob.1.67 Symphony No. 67 in F major (by 1779)
  • Hob.1.68 Symphony No. 68 in B-flat major (by 1779)
  • Hob.1.69 Symphony No. 69 in C major, Laudon (by 1779)
  • Hob.1.70 Symphony No. 70 in D major (by 1779)
  • Hob.1.71 Symphony No. 71 in B-flat major (by 1780)
  • Hob.1.72 Symphony No. 72 in D major (between 1763 and 1765)
  • Hob.1.73 D大调第七十三交响曲(狩猎) Symphony No. 73 in D major, La chasse (1782)
  • Hob.1.74 Symphony No. 74 in E-flat major (1780/1781)
  • Hob.1.75 Symphony No. 75 in D major (between 1779 and 1781)
  • Hob.1.76 Symphony No. 76 in E-flat major (1782)
  • Hob.1.77 Symphony No. 77 in B-flat major (1782)
  • Hob.1.78 Symphony No. 78 in C minor (1782)
  • Hob.1.79 Symphony No. 79 in F major (1784)
  • Hob.1.80 Symphony No. 80 in D minor (1784)
  • Hob.1.81 Symphony No. 81 in G major (1784)
  • 巴黎交响曲 The "Paris symphonies":
  • Hob.1.88 G大调第八十八交响曲  Symphony No. 88 in G major (1787)
  • Hob.1.89 Symphony No. 89 in F major (1787)
  • Hob.1.90 Symphony No. 90 in C major (1788)
  • Hob.1.91 Symphony No. 91 in E-flat major (1788)
  • Hob.1.92 G大调第九十二交响曲(牛津) Symphony No. 92 in G major, Oxford (1789)
  • 伦敦交响曲 The "London symphonies":

Hoboken also includes four other works in his "Symphony" category (Hob. I):

  • Hob.1.105 降B大调协奏交响曲  in B-flat major, better known as the Sinfonia Concertante for violin, cello, oboe and bassoon (1792)
  • Hob. 1.106, for which only one part has survived (1769?)
  • Hob.1.107 in B-flat major, 降B大调A交响曲 often known not by a number but as  Symphony A (between 1757 and 1760)
  • Hob.1.108 in B-flat major, 降B大调B交响曲 often known not by a number but as Symphony B (between 1757 and 1760)

Despite this, the number of "symphonies" by Haydn is usually given as 106.

There are 106 symphonies by the classical composer Joseph Haydn. Of these, 104 have numbers associated with them which were originally assigned by Eusebius Mandyczewski in 1908 in the chronological order that was known at the time. In the subsequent decades, numerous inaccuracies in the chronology (especially in the lower numbers) were found, but the Mandyczewski numbers were so widely used that when Anthony van Hoboken compiled his catalogue of Haydn's works, he incorporated the Mandyczewski number into Catalogue I (e.g., Symphony No. 34 is listed as Hob. I/34). Also in that time period, two additional symphonies were discovered (which were assigned non-Mandyczewskian letters "A" and "B") bringing the total to 106.

Complete recordings

Four conductors have recorded the complete symphonies of Joseph Haydn.

  • The first to complete the recording project was the Austrian conductor Ernst Märzendorfer, who recorded them with the Vienna Chamber Orchestra. However, this set of recordings had a very limited release and remains largely unknown.
  • The first to make a complete recording that was widely available was the Hungarian-British conductor Antal Doráti, with the Philharmonia Hungarica.
  • Hungarian conductor Ádám Fischer recorded a complete cycle in the late 1990s with the Austro-Hungarian Haydn Orchestra.
  • In 2009, American conductor Dennis Russell Davies completed a cycle with the Stuttgart Chamber Orchestra.

Christopher Hogwood was to have recorded a complete cycle of Haydn symphonies with the Academy of Ancient Music (AAM) for Decca's L'Oiseau Lyre imprint in a total of 15 volumes, each containing 3 CDs. Between 1990 and 2000, a total of 10 of these volumes were commercially released; these volumes contain Nos. 1–75, plus the two early symphonies numbered 107 and 108, and are presented in a theoretical chronological order rather than numerical order. (The program booklets contained in each of these 10 volumes contain a concordance to the complete contents of the 15 volumes.) Prior to the commencement of this project, Hogwood and the AAM had recorded several of Haydn's later symphonies for L'Oiseau Lyre, which were released on LP. These earlier recordings were never re-issued on CD, the remaining five volumes of the series were never released, and the L'Oiseau Lyre imprint was discontinued. Another attempt at a complete Haydn cycle on period instruments begun around this time, by the Hanover Band led by Roy Goodman for Nimbus, was also never completed.

他早期的交响曲多为生活娱乐题材，形式接近室内乐。18世纪70年代起才更多地吸收了北德乐派的成就，具有较深刻的内容和古典风格，往往既严肃又幽 默。例如《第四十五交响曲》(《告别》，1772)，据说是为了暗示公爵让乐师们休假回家而作的。海顿不同寻常地在第4乐章急板后面加上了慢板的第5乐 章，奏至中途，乐队队员一个接着一个吹熄其谱架上的蜡烛而退席，最后剩下两把小提琴把交响曲带到深深打动人心的终止。80年代创作的“巴黎交响曲”(有人 说是为宗教音乐会写的那几首，也有人说是为奥林匹克音乐会写的6首，目前尚无定论)，抒情性的曲调更为丰富、生动、风趣，配器手法也更成熟。其中《第八十 三交响曲》(1785)第1乐章副题的音响如母鸡咯咯叫唤，被称为《母鸡》交响曲。《第八十三交响曲》(1786)末乐章的主题听起来象一首脚步沉重而笨 拙的风笛舞曲，故被称为《熊》交响曲。《第八十五交响曲》(1785)因受到法国王后的喜爱而得名《王后》交响曲。海顿后期创作的12部“伦敦交响曲”， 大多具有热烈洒脱的主题旋律，充满活力的节奏，应用了活泼明快的乡村舞曲素材和简洁精致的复调性处理。其中4首得了绰号：《第九十四交响曲》(《惊 愕》，1791)、《第一00交响曲》(《军队》，1793～1794)《第一0一交响曲》(《时钟》，1793～1794)《第一0三交响曲》(《鼓 声》，1795)。这12首“伦敦交响曲”标志着海顿交响曲的最高成就。

海顿开创了交响曲的新的主调音乐风格，并使复调手法在功能和声的基础上发展。他摈弃了古老复调中那种拘谨而神秘的性质，而代之以率真、生动的音乐语 言;海顿完善了4个乐章的奏鸣交响套曲形式，使作品的4个乐章体现统一的艺术构思，表现生活的各个方面，海顿发展了奏鸣曲快板的结构，并往往采用从速度、 调性等方面与主题形成强烈对比的引子，展开部获得显著发展，确立了以短小动机进行展开的发展原则，直接启发了贝多芬。 海顿确立了乐队的双管编制和近代配器法原则，奠定了近代交响乐队的基础。

唱片推荐

海顿所创作的104首交响曲，多拉蒂指挥流浪在英国的匈牙利演奏家组成“匈牙利爱乐乐团”在1970年全部录制完成，成为唱片录音史上的一次壮举，多拉蒂强调节奏，Decca公司又强调音效，这一套唱片的透析度非常好，匈牙利爱乐乐团也表现出超常态水准。全套唱片共CD33张，CD编号448 531-2(NOS.1-104，A、B交响曲，1991年重制)，《企鹅》评介三星带花。Decca近年把后期的部分已制成3张廉价小双张：CD448 194-2，包括82-87号(巴黎交响曲);CD452 256-2，93、94、97、100、103、104号;CD452 259-2，包括95-102号(沙罗门交响曲)，《企鹅》均评介三星。

多拉蒂完成全集之后，Decca公司O-L又在80年代开始录制霍格伍德指挥古音乐团以古乐器寻求本真的方式演奏的全集，至今已完成7集：第一集：1、2、4、5、10、11、18、27、32、37、107号(交响奏鸣曲)，CD编号436 428-2(3张)。第二集：3、14、15、17、19、20、25、33、36、108号(交响奏鸣曲)，CD编号436 592-2(3张)。第三集：6-9、12、13、16、40、72号，CD编号433 661-2(3张)。第四集：21-24、28-31、34号，CD编号430 082-2(3张)。第五集：35、38、39、41、58、59、65号，CD编号433 012-2(3张)。第六集：26、42-44、48、49号，CD编号440 222-2(3张)。第七集：45-47、51、52、64号，CD编号443 777-2(3张)。霍格伍德给以更为严谨的诠释，突出逻辑美，这7集《企鹅》均评为三星保留一星。1991年起，HYPE公司又开始录制古德曼 (Goodman)指挥汉诺威乐队演奏的全集(乐队按海顿时代编制)，NIMB公司则从80年代后期起录制由A·菲舍尔(Adam Fishier)指挥匈牙利的匈牙利海顿乐团演奏的全集。古德曼版至今已录了17张：1—5号：CD编号CDA66524;6—8号：CD编号 CDA66523;9—12号：CD编号CDA66529;13—16号：CD编号CDA66534;17—21号：CD编号CDA66533;22— 25号：CD编号CDA66536：42—44号：CD编号CDA66530;45—47号：CD编号CDA66522;48—50号：CD编号 CDA66531;70—72号：CD编号CDA66526;73—75号：CD编号CDA66520;76—78号：CD编号CDA66525;82— 84号：CD编号CDA66527;85—87号：CD编号CDA66535;90—92号：CD编号CDA66521;93—95号：CD编号 CDA66532;第101、102、(温莎城堡序曲)(Overture to "Windsor Castle")：CD编号CDA66528。《企鹅》均评介三星。A·菲舍尔版至今已录了4套14张：第1—20：CD编号N15426/30(5 张);第82—87(巴黎交响曲)：CD编号NI5419/20(两张);第88—92，协奏交响曲，CD编号N15417/8(两张);第93— 104：CD编号N15200/4(5张);《企鹅》均评为三星保留一星。

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更新时间：2016-08-30 17:09