提要 Overview
标题 Title | 类型 Genre | 幕数 Subdivisions | 剧本 Libretto | 首演时间 Premiere date | 地点 Place, theatre |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
德梅特里奥与波利比奥 Demetrio e Polibio | dramma serio | 2 acts | Vincenzina Vigano-Mombelli | 18 May 1812 (composed 1806-1809) | Rome, Teatro Valle |
结婚证书 La cambiale di matrimonio | farsa comica | 1 act | Gaetano Rossi, after Camillo Federici and Giuseppe Checcherini | 3 November 1810 | Venice, Teatro San Moisè |
奇异的误解 L'equivoco stravagante | dramma giocoso | 2 acts | Gaetano Gasbarri | 26 October 1811 | Bologna, Teatro del Corso |
L'inganno felice | farsa | 1 act | Giuseppe Maria Foppa | 8 January 1812 | Venice, Teatro San Moisè |
Ciro in Babilonia, ossia La caduta di Baldassare | dramma con cori | 2 acts | Francesco Aventi | 14 March 1812 | Ferrara, Teatro comunale di Ferrara |
软梯 La scala di seta | farsa comica | 1 act | Giuseppe Maria Foppa, after F A E de Planard | 9 May 1812 | Venice, Teatro San Moisè |
试金石 La pietra del paragone | melodramma giocoso | 2 acts | Luigi Romanelli | 26 September 1812 | Milan, Teatro alla Scala |
L'occasione fa il ladro, ossia Il cambio della valigia | burletta per musica | 1 act | Luigi Privadali, after Eugène Scribe | 24 November 1812 | Venice, Teatro San Moisè |
布鲁斯基诺先生 Il signor Bruschino, ossia Il figlio per azzardo | farsa giocoso | 1 act | Giuseppe Maria Foppa, after Alissan de Chazet and E-T Maurice Ourry | 27 January 1813 | Venice, Teatro San Moisè |
坦克雷迪 Tancredi | melodramma eroico | 2 acts | Gaetano Rossi and Luigi Lechi, after Voltaire | 6 February 1813 | Venice, Teatro La Fenice |
阿尔及尔的意大利女郎 L'italiana in Algeri | dramma giocoso | 2 acts | Angelo Anelli, originally for Luigi Mosca (1808) | 22 May 1813 | Venice, Teatro San Benedetto |
欧莱利安在帕米拉 Aureliano in Palmira | dramma serio | 2 acts | G.F.R. (attributed to Felice Romani or Gian Francesco Romanelli[1]), after Gaetano Sertor | 26 December 1813 | Milan, Teatro alla Scala |
Il turco in Italia | dramma buffo | 2 acts | Felice Romani, after Caterino Mazzolà | 14 August 1814 | Milan, Teatro alla Scala |
西基斯蒙多 Sigismondo | dramma | 2 acts | Giuseppe Maria Foppa | 26 December 1814 | Venice, Teatro La Fenice |
英国女王伊丽莎白 Elisabetta, regina d'Inghilterra | dramma | 2 acts | Giovanni Schmidt, after Carlo Federici and Sophia Lee | 4 October 1815 | Naples, Teatro di San Carlo |
Torvaldo e Dorliska | dramma semiserio | 2 acts | Cesare Sterbini, after J-B de Coudry's Vie et amours du chevalier de Faubles (1790) and other libretti based on this work | 26 December 1815 | Rome, Teatro Valle |
塞维利亚的理发师 Il barbiere di Siviglia, ossia L'inutile precauzione (initially titled Almaviva) | commedia | 2 acts | Cesare Sterbini, after Beaumarchais | 20 February 1816 | Rome, Teatro Argentina |
La gazzetta, ossia Il matrimonio per concorso | dramma (opera buffa) | 2 acts | Giuseppe Palomba, after Carlo Goldoni | 26 September 1816 | Naples, Teatro de' Fiorentini |
奥赛罗 Otello, ossia Il Moro di Venezia | dramma | 3 acts | Francesco Maria Berio di Salsa, after William Shakespeare | 4 December 1816 | Naples, Teatro del Fondo |
灰姑娘 La Cenerentola, ossia La bontà in trionfo | dramma giocoso | 2 acts | Jacopo Ferretti, after C Perrault's Cendrillon | 25 January 1817 | Rome, Teatro Valle |
贼鹊 La gazza ladra | melodramma | 2 acts | Giovanni Gherardini, after J M T Baudouin d'Aubigny and Louis-Charles Caigniez | 31 May 1817 | Milan, Teatro alla Scala |
Armida | dramma | 3 acts | Giovanni Schmidt, after Torquato Tasso's Gerusalemme liberata | 11 November 1817 | Naples, Teatro di San Carlo |
Adelaide di Borgogna, ossia Ottone, re d'Italia | dramma | 2 acts | Giovanni Schmidt | 27 December 1817 | Rome, Teatro Argentina |
摩西在埃及 Mosè in Egitto | azione tragico-sacra | 3 acts | Andrea Leone Tottola, after Francesco Ringhieri | 5 March 1818 | Naples, Teatro di San Carlo |
Adina, ossia Il califfo di Bagdad | farsa | 1 act | Gherardo Bevilacqua-Aldobrandini | 22 June 1826 (composed 1818) | Lisbon, Teatro Reale di San Carlo |
Ricciardo e Zoraide | dramma | 2 acts | Francesco Maria Berio di Salsa, after Niccolò Forteguerri | 3 December 1818 | Naples, Teatro di San Carlo |
Ermione | azione tragica | 2 acts | Andrea Leone Tottola, after Jean Racine's Andromaque | 27 March 1819 | Naples, Teatro di San Carlo |
Eduardo e Cristina (sometimes titled Edoardo e Cristina) | dramma | 2 acts | Giovanni Schmidt (originally for Stefano Pavesi), revised by Gherardo Bevilacqua-Aldobrandini and Andrea Leone Tottola | 24 April 1819 | Venice, Teatro San Benedetto |
湖上女郎 La donna del lago | melodramma | 2 acts | Andrea Leone Tottola, after Walter Scott's The Lady of the Lake | 24 October 1819 | Naples, Teatro di San Carlo |
Bianca e Falliero, ossia Il consiglio dei tre | melodramma | 2 acts | Felice Romani, after Antoine-Vincent Arnault | 26 December 1819 | Milan, Teatro alla Scala |
穆罕默德二世 Maometto II | dramma | 2 acts | Cesare della Valle, possibly after Voltaire | 3 December 1820 | Naples, Teatro di San Carlo |
Matilde di Shabran, ossia Bellezza e Cuor di Ferro (also titled Matilde Shabran, Bellezza e Cuor di Ferro and Corradino) | melodramma giocoso | 2 acts | Jacopo Ferretti, after François-Benoît Hoffman | 24 February 1821 | Rome, Teatro Apollo |
Zelmira | dramma | 2 acts | Andrea Leone Tottola, after Dormont de Belloy | 16 February 1822 | Naples, Teatro di San Carlo |
赛密拉米德 Semiramide | melodramma tragico | 2 acts | Gaetano Rossi, after Voltaire | 3 February 1823 | Venice, Teatro La Fenice |
Il viaggio a Reims, ossia L'albergo del Giglio d'Oro | dramma giocoso | 1 act | Luigi Balocchi, after Madame de Staël | 19 June 1825 | Paris, Théâtre national de l'Opéra-Comique |
Le siège de Corinthe (revision of Maometto secondo) | tragédie lyrique | 3 acts | Luigi Balocchi and Alexandre Soumet, after the libretto for Maometto II | 9 October 1826 | Paris Opéra, Salle Le Peletier |
摩西和法老王 Moïse et Pharaon, ou Le passage de la mer rouge (revision of Mosè in Egitto) | opéra | 4 acts | Luigi Balocchi and Victor-Joseph Étienne de Jouy, after the libretto for Mosè in Egitto | 26 March 1827 | Paris Opéra, Salle Le Peletier |
奥里伯爵 Le comte Ory | opéra (opéra comique) | 2 acts | Eugène Scribe and Charles-Gaspard Delestre-Poirson | 20 August 1828 | Paris Opéra, Salle Le Peletier |
威廉·退尔 Guillaume Tell | opéra | 4 acts | Victor-Joseph-Ėtienne de Jouy, Hippolyte-Louis-Florent Bis, Armand Marrast, Adolphe Crémieux and the composer, after Friedrich Schiller | 3 August 1829 | Paris Opéra, Salle Le Peletier |
Works derived from Rossini operas with the composer's permission
标题 Title | 类型 Genre | 幕数 Subdivisions | 剧本 Libretto | 首演时间 Premiere date | 地点 Place, theatre |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Ivanhoé (consisting entirely of music taken from earlier Rossini operas by Antonio Pacini) | pastiche | 3 acts | Emile Deschamps and Gabriel-Gustave de Wailly, after Walter Scott's Ivanhoe | 15 September 1826 | Paris, Odéon |
Robert Bruce (adapted by Louis Niedermeyer from La donna del lago, Zelmira, Bianca e Falliero, Torvaldo e Dorliska and Armida.) | pastiche | 3 acts | Jean-Nicolas van Nieuwenhuysen and Alphonse Royer | 30 December 1846 | Paris Opéra, Salle Le Peletier |
罗西尼 (G.Rossini 1792—1868) 意大利歌剧作曲家。一生作有大、小歌剧三十八部。其中《塞尔维亚的理发师》是十九世纪意大利喜剧的代表作。根据德国席勒的同名诗剧写成的歌剧《威廉·退尔》也是浪漫派歌剧名作,此剧的序曲(共四乐章)是音乐会上经常被独立演出的器乐名曲。
以喜歌剧闻名于世的罗西尼生于1792年2月29日。因为四年以后才有一个闰年,所以等他过第十八个生日时,他已经七十二岁了。他说这样可以省去许多麻烦。在过生日的前一天,有一群朋友来告诉他,他们集了两万法郎,要为他立个纪念碑。他听了说:“浪费钱财!给我这笔钱,我自己站在那里好了!”
十九世纪上半叶意大利歌剧三杰之一卓阿基诺·罗西尼生于意大利的佩萨罗,成长在一个音乐家庭里,自1806年起开始得到正规的音乐训练。1810~1829年是他创作的旺盛期,创作了一生所有的三十多部歌剧及其它作品。罗西尼的生活和主要创作活动处在欧洲封建复辟的年代,同时也是意大利民族运动兴起的时期。这样的社会历史环境给罗西尼的生活和创作留下了深刻的印记。他的作品中交织着先进和消极两种倾向。一方面,为了迎合统治阶级的需要,罗西尼写了不少迎合宫廷贵族艺术趣味的歌剧(它们已被历史淘汰),得到了上流社会的赏识,自己也过起花天酒地的生活。另一方面,他也有一些作品客观上反映了当时资产阶级的民主思想和民族意识,起了积极的社会作用,艺术上也有相当造诣,至今仍广为流传。最著名的是《赛维利亚理发师》和《威廉·退尔》这两部歌剧。自1829年他写了搁笔之作《威廉·退尔》直到去世,将近四十年,创作销声匿迹。生活描写的生动性,人物性格刻画的鲜明性,戏剧情节发展的紧张性,旋律丰富,节奏敏捷,使罗西尼的歌剧充满了活力。罗西尼的优秀创作使传统的意大利正歌剧和喜歌剧重获新生。他在喜歌剧中掺入了正歌剧的因素,又在正歌剧中加进喜歌剧的生活气息。他的这些改革在当时令人耳目一新,对后世的歌剧创作产生了影响。
1858年11月13日,这位显赫一时的歌剧大师因病去逝。他的遗体被葬在巴黎,与著名音乐家肖邦、贝里尼的墓地相去不远。九年后,意大利接回了这位歌剧大师的遗体。六千多群众静默肃立,由四个军乐队和三百名歌手组成了巨大的唱诗班。在他自己的剧作《摩西》一剧的祈祷歌声中,罗西尼被移葬于佛罗伦萨的圣塔克罗采教堂。
罗西尼把意大利喜歌剧和正歌剧的体裁推向了高峰,在他的代表作品《塞维利亚的理发师》和《威廉·退尔》中,他从现实生活出发,采用现实主义的笔触,借助民族音乐的因素,赋予作品以生气。歌剧的音乐形象鲜明,乐曲中洋溢着生活的欢乐,丰富的智慧,辛辣的讽刺,流露出真实和欢快的情绪。 他的创作继承了意大利注重旋律及美声唱法的传统,音乐充满了炫技的装饰和幽默,且吸收了同时代作曲家贝多芬的手法,使用管弦乐来取代和丰富原来仅作音高提示的古钢琴伴奏。 1829年的搁笔之作《威廉·退尔》,反映了民族自主的愿望,且推进了大歌剧体裁的形成。在近四十部歌剧中影响较大的还有《灰姑娘》、《贼鹊》、《奥塞罗》、《摩西》等。
在《塞维利亚的理发师》的创作当中,罗西尼吸取了德国和法国喜剧中夸张幽默的手法,结合意大利歌剧注重旋律和歌唱技巧的特点,使明快华美而独特的音乐喜剧风格,在该歌剧的许多著名的咏叹调、演唱曲、浪漫曲和重唱曲中得到充分地体现。罗西尼在剧中充分发挥了他所擅长的活泼生动的管弦乐音响流畅轻巧的旋律,以及率直畅快的节奏感,同时又把充满讽刺的愉快情节细腻地刻画出来,从剧本的情节上看来,《费加洛的婚礼》乃是《塞维里亚的理发师》的续篇。在聆听莫扎特的这部名歌剧之前,观众不妨先听听罗西尼的这部作品。